Applications of Carbon in Rechargeable Electrochemical Power Sources: A Review

Rechargeable power sources are an essential element of large-scale energy systems based on renewable sources. One the major challenges in rechargeable battery research is development electrode materials with good performance and low cost. Carbon-based have a wide range properties, high electrical conductivity, overall stability during cycling, making them suitable for batteries, including stationary systems. This review summarizes latest progress elemental carbon modern electrochemical sources, such as commonly used lead–acid lithium-ion batteries. Use promising technologies (lithium–sulfur, sodium-ion supercapacitors) also described. Carbon key leading to more efficient storage these The applications, modifications, possible bio-sources, basic properties materials, well recent developments, described detail. presented include nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes, graphene) composite metals their compounds.